These are papers we know of that build on A-maze (Boyce, Futrell, & Levy, 2020; Boyce & Levy, 2023). The list was assembled via reverse citaiton search and paper-skimming in September 2026. It is probably incomplete and may contain errors. Email me with corrections or additions.
Publications reporting experiments using A-maze, redo mode, and/or web-maze (ibex)
Papers that ran their own Maze experiments with A-maze distractors and/or the Ibex Maze controller, or that build a related method on A-maze.
Abels & Neeleman (2026). Linear asymmetries and incremental parsing. Language. link
Bouso, Hundt, & Van Driessche (2024). A sisterhood of constructions? A structural priming approach to modelling links in the network of Objoid Constructions. Cognitive Linguistics. link
Chacón, Kohrt, O’Neill, & Sorensen (2021). Limits on semantic prediction in the processing of extraction from adjunct clauses. PsyArXiv preprint. link
Duff, Brasoveanu, & Rysling (2021). Task influences on lexical underspecification: Insights from the Maze and SPR. CUNY. link
Fujita & Yoshida (2024). Online reflexive resolution and interference. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience. link
Guo, Santi, Sloggett, Turco, Mattys, & Grillo (2026). Incremental processing of Tense Harmony and the disambiguation of clefted relatives. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience. link
Han, Block, Gendron, Grant, et al. (2025). Underspecified they becomes specified early in sentence processing. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience. link
Han, Block, Gendron, et al. (2026). Resumptive pronouns form on-line dependencies with fillers in English: Evidence from the Maze task. Glossa Psycholinguistics. link
Hao, Fuchs, & Vasishth (2025). Similarity-based interference in the processing of classifier-noun dependencies in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Memory and Language. link
Heuser & Gibson (2023). Transformer-Maze: An accessible incremental processing measurement tool. CogSci proceedings. (See also Heuser, 2022, MIT thesis.) link
Hoeks, Toosarvandani, & Rysling (2023). Processing of linguistic focus depends on contrastive alternatives. Journal of Memory and Language. link
Hoeks, Toosarvandani, & Rysling (2025). How to compute a focus: Evidence from incremental processing. Experiments in Linguistic Meaning. link
Hoeks, Toosarvandani, & Rysling (2025). Discourse representations guide alternative set activation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. link
Hundt, Dallas, & Van Driessche (2026). Preterite and present perfect: Towards modelling the connection between usage, (meta)linguistic awareness, norm orientation and constructional knowledge. Constructions. link
Husband (2022). Prediction in the maze: Evidence for probabilistic pre-activation from the English a/an contrast. Glossa Psycholinguistics. link
Kim, Orth, & Yoshida (2024). Incremental structure building in the processing of ellipsis. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. link
Levinson (2023). Beyond surprising: English event structure in the Maze. Experiments in Linguistic Meaning. link
Maina-Kilaas & Levy (2026). Revisiting real-time digging-in effects: No evidence from NP/Z garden-paths. arXiv:2603.23624. link
Orth (2023). Active assignment of quantifier scope guides language processing. Dissertation. link
Orth, Nemeskey, & Ronai (2026). Extending the maze task to Hungarian: New insights in relative clause processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. link
Orth & Yoshida (2022). Processing profile for quantifiers in verb phrase ellipsis: Evidence for grammatical economy. Proceedings of the LSA. link
Pushpita & Levy (2024). Image-conditioned human language comprehension and psychometric benchmarking of visual language models. CoNLL. link
Sloggett, Van Handel, & Rysling (2020). A-maze by any other name. CUNY poster. link
Ungerer (2021). Using structural priming to test links between constructions. Cognitive Linguistics. link
Ungerer & de Almeida (2024). Context affects the comprehension of implicit arguments: Evidence from the maze task. CogSci proceedings. link
Ungerer, Antal, & de Almeida (2026). How to sneeze a napkin off the table: Understanding grammatically creative, coerced sentences in real time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. link
Vani, Wilcox, & Levy (2021). Using the interpolated maze task to assess incremental processing in English relative clauses. CogSci proceedings. link
van Lieburg, Hartsuiker, & Bernolet (2023). Two sides of the same coin? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 40(5–6), 265–286. link
Wilcox, Vani, & Levy (2021). A targeted assessment of incremental processing in neural language models and humans. ACL. link
Xu, Hao, & Futrell (2026). Strategic allocation of memory resources through the lens of dependency locality: Evidence from a controlled reading experiment. CogSci proceedings. link
Zhang & Witzel (2021). The interaction of semantic information and parsing biases: An A-maze investigation. CUNY. link
Reanalyses of A-maze data
Papers that analyze existing A-maze data, mostly the Natural Stories Maze dataset from Boyce & Levy (2023).
de Varda, Berzak, Fedorenko, & Levy (2026). Behavioral and brain responses to language reflect different levels of linguistic representation. bioRxiv. link
Hahn, Futrell, Levy, & Gibson (2022). A resource-rational model of human processing of recursive linguistic structure. PNAS. link
Kajikawa, Isono, & Wilcox (2026). Information-theoretic storage cost in sentence comprehension. CoNLL. link
Kuribayashi, Oseki, Ben Taieb, Inui, & Baldwin (2025). Large language models are human-like internally. TACL. link
Shain (2024). Word frequency and predictability dissociate in naturalistic reading. Open Mind. link
Shain, Meister, Pimentel, Cotterell, & Levy (2024). Large-scale evidence for logarithmic effects of word predictability on reading time. PNAS. link
Xu, Dillon, & Futrell (2026). Memory efficiency and resource-rational encoding in sentence processing. ACL. link