Papers using A-maze

These are papers we know of that build on A-maze (Boyce, Futrell, & Levy, 2020; Boyce & Levy, 2023). The list was assembled by going through the papers citing those two, and checking each one for actual use. It is surely incomplete. If you know of other work, including pre-prints, posters or theses, please send it and I’ll add it.

New experiments using A-maze

Papers that ran their own Maze experiments with A-maze distractors and/or the Ibex Maze controller, or that build a related method on A-maze.

• Abels & Neeleman (2026). Linear asymmetries and incremental parsing. Language.
• Bouso, Hundt, & Van Driessche (2024). A sisterhood of constructions? … Objoid constructions. Cognitive Linguistics.
• Chacón, Kort, O’Neill, & Sorensen (2021). Limits on semantic prediction in the processing of extraction from adjunct clauses. OSF preprint.
• Duff, Brasoveanu, & Rysling (2021). Task influences on lexical underspecification: Insights from the Maze and SPR. CUNY.
• Han, Block, Gendron, Grant, et al. (2025). Underspecified they becomes specified early in sentence processing. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience.
• Han, Block, Gendron, et al. (2026). Resumptive pronouns form on-line dependencies with fillers in English: Evidence from the Maze task. Glossa Psycholinguistics.
• Hao, Fuchs, & Vasishth (2025). Similarity-based interference in the processing of classifier-noun dependencies in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Memory and Language.
• Heuser & Gibson (2023). Transformer-Maze: An accessible incremental processing measurement tool. CogSci proceedings. (See also Heuser, 2022, MIT thesis.)
• Hoeks, Toosarvandani, & Rysling (2025). Discourse representations guide alternative set activation.
• Hundt, Dallas, & Van Driessche (2026). Preterite and present perfect… Constructions.
• Husband (2022). Glossa Psycholinguistics.
• Kim, Orth, & Yoshida (2024). Incremental structure building in the processing of ellipsis. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology.
• Levinson (2023). Beyond surprising: English event structure in the Maze. Experiments in Linguistic Meaning.
• Maina-Kilaas & Levy (2026). Revisiting real-time digging-in effects: No evidence from NP/Z garden-paths. arXiv:2603.23624.
• Orth (2023). Active assignment of quantifier scope guides language processing. Dissertation.
• Orth, Nemeskey, & Ronai (2025/2026). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition.
• Orth & Yoshida (2022). Processing profile for quantifiers in verb phrase ellipsis: Evidence for grammatical economy. Proceedings of the LSA.
• Pushpita & Levy (2024). Image-conditioned human language comprehension and psychometric benchmarking of visual language models. CoNLL.
• Sloggett, Van Handel, & Rysling (2020). A-maze by any other name. CUNY poster.
• Ungerer (2021). Using structural priming to test links between constructions. Cognitive Linguistics.
• Ungerer & de Almeida (2024). Context affects the comprehension of implicit arguments: Evidence from the maze task. CogSci proceedings.
• Ungerer, Antal, & de Almeida (2026). How to sneeze a napkin off the table: Understanding grammatically creative, coerced sentences in real time. Journal of Experimental Psychology.
• Vani, Wilcox, & Levy (2021). Using the interpolated maze task to assess incremental processing in English relative clauses. CUNY.
• van Lieburg, Hartsuiker, & Bernolet (2023). Two sides of the same coin? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 40(5–6), 265–286.
• Wilcox et al. (2021). A targeted assessment of incremental processing in neural language models and humans. ACL.
• Xu, Hao, & Futrell (2026). Strategic allocation of memory resources through the lens of dependency locality. CogSci proceedings.
• Zhang & Witzel (2021). The interaction of semantic information and parsing biases: An A-maze investigation. CUNY.
• (2023). Processing of linguistic focus depends on contrastive alternatives. Journal of Memory and Language.
• (2024). Online reflexive resolution and interference. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience.
• (2025). How to compute a focus: Evidence from incremental processing. Experiments in Linguistic Meaning.
• (2026). Incremental processing of Tense Harmony and the disambiguation of clefted relatives. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience.

Reanalyses of A-maze data

Papers that analyze existing A-maze data, mostly the Natural Stories Maze dataset from Boyce & Levy (2023).

• de Varda, Berzak, Fedorenko, & Levy (2026). Behavioral and brain responses to language reflect different levels of linguistic representation. bioRxiv.
• Hahn, Futrell, Levy, & Gibson (2022). A resource-rational model of human processing of recursive linguistic structure. PNAS.
• Kajikawa, Isono, & Wilcox (2026). Information-theoretic storage cost in sentence comprehension. CoNLL.
• Kuribayashi, Oseki, Taieb, Inui, et al. (2025). Large language models are human-like internally. TACL.
• Shain (2024). Word frequency and predictability dissociate in naturalistic reading. Open Mind.
• Shain, Meister, Pimentel, Cotterell, & Levy (2024). Large-scale evidence for logarithmic effects of word predictability on reading time. PNAS.
• Xu, Dillon, & Futrell (2026). Memory efficiency and resource-rational encoding in sentence processing. ACL.